如何写记叙文（如何写记叙文英语）

记叙文是记人叙事的文章,是中考英语书面表达中最普遍、最基本、最重要的文体。一般来说,写记叙文应把握好六个要素:where(何地)、 who(何人)、 what(何事)、 when(何时)、why(何因)、 how(怎样)。初中阶段多为叙事短文,一般主要包括 where、who 和 what 三个最基本方面。记叙文的重点在于“叙述”和“描写”,一篇好的记叙文,叙述要做到条理清楚,描写要做到生动形象。下面就谈谈英语记叙文的特点和写好英语记叙文的基本要领。

一、记叙文的特点

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1. 叙述的人称

记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称来叙述的。用第一人称表示的是叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使人读后感到真实可信,如身临其境。如:

One day, I was riding along the street. Suddenly, a car went out of control and ran directly toward me fast. I was so

frightened that I quickly turned to the left. But it was too

late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.

用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受“我”的活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:

Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella because it was raining heavily. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her,but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.

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2. 叙述的时态

在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。动词不仅出现频率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去式。以一般过去时为主,各种时态为辅,合理使用丰富多彩的谓语动词时态是英语记叙文的首要语言特征。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化。正是这一点,才使得所记所叙具有鲜活的动态感、鲜明

的层次感和立体感。如:

When I was a little child,I was very naughty and eager to know how the things around me worked. But I will never forget what I did once and what had been told then. One day,I found a little clock in my Grandpa’s room. It had a

red hand which kept running and running. I wondered who was there turning the clock. So I took the clock apart. And then I looked carefully into it with great interest. But I didn’t know how to put the parts together correctly. I tried my best,but still a few parts were left. I didn’t know where to fit them. So I hid them.

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3. 叙述的顺序

记叙一件事要有一定的叙述顺序。常见的叙述顺序有:

(1)顺叙:按事情发展的时间顺序进行叙述。

(2)倒叙:把事情的结局或某个突出的片段提到前面叙述,然后再按照事情的顺序叙述下去。

(3)插叙:在叙述过程中,由于某种需要,暂时把叙述的线索中断一下,插入有关的另一叙述。

(4)补叙:也叫追叙,是行文中用三两句话或一小段话对前边说的人或事作一些简单的补充交代。在英语记叙文中,最常用的是按事情发生的时间顺序进行记叙。尽管有时采用不按时间顺序的倒叙、插叙等方法可以产生某种特定的效果,使文章增色不少,但对中学生而言,最值得练习的还是以顺叙展开的记叙方法。如:

This afternoon we had a P. E. lesson. Our teacher taught us to practice the long jump.

When the bell rang, we gathered on the playground. After warming?up exercises, the teacher told us the way of long jump and showed us how to do it. Then we followed the teacher and practiced one after another. Soon it was my turn, but I felt a bit nervous.Though I failed the first time, yet I didn’t lose heart. I kept on practicing. At last I was able to jump over 3 meters.

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4. 衔接与过渡

为使文章更加自然流畅,衔接词和过渡句是必不可少的。它们在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。衔接词和过渡句往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:

In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart from doing my homework, reading English novels, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to visit. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.

The next morning after I arrived there, I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon had turned red. After a short while, the sun was gradually appearing. It was very red, but not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep?red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water

became red and bright.

What a moving and unforgettable scene!

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5. 叙述与对话

直接引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是提高记叙文表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的

主观叙述,可以直接生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动有趣,使文章内容更加真实、具体。

试比较下面两段的叙述效果:

One day I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking at the door. I asked who it was, but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor(起居室). I realized it was the cat. I felt released.

这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有原汁原味的人物语言,把故事的“悬念”给冲淡了。可作如下调整:

One day I was cooking something in the

kitchen. “Crash!” a loud noise suddenly came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, “Who?” But there was no reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. “It’s you,” I said, quite released.

二、写好记叙文的基本要领

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1. 头绪分明,脉络清楚

写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明、脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个“W”和一个“H”有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这五个“W”和一个“H”,但动笔之前,围绕五个“W”和一个“H”进行构思是必不可少的。

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2. 突出中心,详略得当

在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材选取是很关键的。

(1)选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。

(2)要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的主要情节,略写粗述那些非关键的次要情节。

(3)面面俱到反而会使情节平淡化,使人不得要领。

这几点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,同时也需要一定的技巧解决问题。如:

One night a man came to our house and told me, “There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten anything for days. ” So I took some rice and went to that family.

When I finally arrived, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured(损毁外貌) by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just a deep pain of hunger.

I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice into

two parts and went out, carrying half of the rice. Then she

came back, I asked her, “Where did you go?” She gave me this simple answer, “To my neighbors—they are hungry, too!”

以上三段用相同的笔墨描述了三个情节,读者读后搞不清作者到底想要讲述怎样一件事,是要强调有八个

孩子的家庭受饥饿之苦的程度,还是强调母亲分米饭给邻居的大公无私的行为?

3. 用活语言,准确生动

记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事、物描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改前后的效果。

原文:

One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away. He was soon lost among people and traffic. He could not find the way back home and started crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying. They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened. Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived. The two students decided to take him home. His mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound. She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn’t take it. She served them with tea but they left.

修改后:

One day, five?year?old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street. After some time, he felt

hungry so he wanted to go back home. But he found he

was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic. He

started crying because he could not find the way home. Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him crying in front of a shop. They immediately went up to him.

“Little boy, why are you standing here crying?” they

asked.

“I want mom. I want to go home. ” said the boy, still crying.

“Don’t worry. We’ll help you. ”

Then they spent the next two hours looking for the boy’s house. With the help of a policeman, they finally found it.

When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful that she invited the two

students into her house. Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the

young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea.

修改后的文章表达准确,语言活泼,用词丰富,句式多变,衔接过渡自然流畅,逻辑性更强;同时,通过直接引用文中主要人物的原话避免了平铺直叙的平淡。话语是表现一个人性格特点、年龄特征的有效方式,如文中I want mom’…栩栩如生地描绘出一个迷路孩子的心情。因此,记叙文中使用对话不失为写好记叙文的一种好方法。

写作训练指导(一)

(一)学校生活

范例鉴赏

【范例一】

根据内容提示和要求,以 My Middle School Life 为题写一篇 80 词左右的短文。

内容提示:

1. 每天早晨骑车上学,按时到校;每天上 7 节课,在校学习约 8 个小时;

2. 学习多门功课,课余参加各种活动,收获多,乐趣多;

3. 同学们相互帮助,师生相处融洽;

4. 请用 1 -2 句话谈谈你对校园生活的看法。

要求:

1. 要点齐全,条理清晰,语句通顺,语法正确,书写规范;

2. 文中不得出现真实校名及姓名,否则不予给分。

My Middle School Life

I’d like to tell you something about my school life. Every morning, I go to school by bike and arrive on time.There are seven classes every day and I stay at school for about eight hours. I have many subjects to learn, so I am busy. But in spare time I take part in all kinds of school activities, such as playing basketball, playing chess and so on. We all have great fun. We often help each other and we get on well with our teachers.

My middle school life is meaningful and colorful. I will never forget it.

【点评】这篇短文叙述了我的中学生活,全文结构完整,内容充实,涵盖全部要点,符合题目要求。语言简练,用词恰当,表达清晰。时态运用正确,以一般现在时态为主。最后两句表达了作者对中学生活的热爱。

【范例二】

本周,你们班来了位外籍教师 Margaret。假如你是李明,请用英语给 Margaret 写一封信,描述你们班英语学习的现状并表达你的愿望。

要求:1. 短文应包括 表中所有要点,可适当发挥;

2. 文中不得出现真实的人名、校名等相关信息;

3. 文章不少于 80 词。开头、结尾已给出。

Dear Ben,

Thank you for your last e?mail. Let me tell you what we did on March 5th in our school.

As soon as we volunteers got to Guang’an Nursing Home, they gave us a warm welcome. We brought some flowers and fruits to the elderly people. We cleaned the windows and swept the floor for them. Then we sang and danced. How happy we were! After that, we sat together chatting with each other and gave our best wishes to them. The elderly people were very excited. When it was time for us volunteers to leave, they were grateful for our kindness. But I felt it our duty to care for the elderly people and respect them.

If you have the chance to be in China, I hope you can join us.

Yours,

Zhang Hua

【点评】这是一封书信,介绍了去敬老院“送温暖”活动情况,按照表格提示内容介绍活动形式以及自己的感受,因此符合题目要求。短文按照活动的先后顺序来描写,条理清晰,详略得当。语言表达准确,句式丰富,运用了感叹句以及多种状语从句。熟记句型:I felt it our duty to care for…

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打算与预测

范例鉴赏

【范例一】

亲爱的同学们,你们即将初中毕业了,也即将迎来一个两个

月的假期。请你用英语写一篇短文,介绍你的暑假计划。

要点如下:1. 你将在哪里度过这个假期;

2. 至少写出你将要做的三件事。写作要求:1. 短文在 80 词左右;2. 短文必须包括以上要点,可适当发挥,使其连贯、通顺;3. 文中不得出现真实的人名、校名等相关信息;4. 短文开头已经给出,不计入总词数。 参考短语:summer vacation, relax oneself,housework, visit, old friends and relativesThe summer vacation is coming soon. We will have a two – month holiday.

After a tiring school year, I＇m going to relax

myself. I＇ll spend my vacation with my grandparents. I＇ll stay with them for about three weeks. Of course, I＇m going to help them do some housework. Perhaps we＇ll take some short trips.

Besides, I＇m going to visit some of my friends and relatives. I think we＇ll have a happy time together. What＇s more, I＇ll be a senior student in a new term, so I＇m going to make some preparations.

【点评】短文介绍了作者暑假计划安排,并合理运用了提示词语,着重介绍了暑假期间打算做什么,符合本

文的写作要求。语言表达准确,时态运用正确,besides 和 what＇s more 的运用,使得文章衔接紧凑,条理清晰。

【范例二】

即将成为一名高中生的你应当怎样完善自己? 请以 How To Be An Excellent Student 为题,写一篇英语短文。短文要点如下:

1. 遵守校纪校规(按时到校、严禁吸烟等)。

2. 养成良好的学习习惯(上课认真听讲、课后复习、学会放松等)。3. 与人沟通、学会分享、互相帮助。4. 在家为父母做些力所能及的家务活(洗碗、打扫卫生等)。5. 保护环境、积极参与志愿者工作。要求:1. 词数:80 词左右。文章开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数;2. 必须包括全部要点,但不能逐词翻译,可适当发挥;3. 在文中不要提及真实的校名和人名。

How to Be an Excellent Student

I am going to be a senior high school student. First, I must obey the school rules and go to school on　time. I won＇t　smoke. As a high school student, it＇s important to have good study habits. I should listen to the teachers carefully in　class, review and relax after school. And I＇m going to communicate better with my teachers and classmates, share something good with my friends and help each other. At home, I＇ll try my best to help my parents do some housework,like doing the dishes and cleaning the house because they are very tired every day. At last, I＇ll protect the environment　and take an active part in the volunteer work as often as possible. I believe I will be an excellent student.

【点评】短文从学校、家庭和社会三个不同角度表明了成为一名好学生的个人打算,内容涵盖全部要点,因此,符合本文写作要求。短文用到的重点词组有:obey rules, communicate with, share．．．with, help each other, try one＇s best, take an active part in, as often as possible 等,用词丰富,增添了文章的表现力。

【范例三】

规划人生,成就未来。请以 My Dream 为题写一篇英语短文,描述你梦想的工作。

要求:1. 文中不得出现真实的人名和校名等相关信息。

2. 词数:80 ～100 词。标题和短文开头已给出,不计入总词数。3. 参考词汇:be friendly to．．．, help, study hard, come 　true

My Dream

Everyone has his dream. My dream is to be a doctor. When I was in Grade seven, I was sick and often went to　see doctors. The doctors were very friendly to me and they often cheered me up. With their help, I was getting better　and now I＇m very healthy. Since then I have hoped to become a doctor. I will study hard to get more knowledge in order　to achieve my dream. I＇ll give my love to the patients as much as possible and help them out of danger.

To be a doctor is really great. I think my dream will come true one day.

【点评】这是一篇以 My Dream 为题的半开放性作文。短文从梦想、原因和实现梦想的条件来写作的,语言通顺,表达清楚,合理运用了所给词汇,很好地完成写作任务。时态运用了一般过去时和一般将来时,回顾过去用一般过去时,畅想未来用一般将来时。

（五）

地区或家乡风貌

范例鉴赏

【范例一】假设你是无锡日报英文周刊 English Weekly 的特约小记者,请以 A New Town 为题,写一则 80 词右的简讯,介绍我市的太湖新城(Taihu New Town)。内容提示如表:

简介 位于无锡南部,近五年来变化巨大

过去 有很多大型工厂现在 政府已迁走所有工厂,空气清新,没有污染问题 尚存一些,其中之一是公交线路太少展望 ……注意:1. 简讯须包括表格内所有信息,要求语句通顺、意思连贯;2. 表格中“展望”一栏,请用自己的 2 ～3 句话展开合理想象,作适当发挥;3. 简讯的标题已给出,不计入总词数。 A New Town

Taihu New Town is in the south of Wuxi. It has changed a lot in the past five years. There used to be many big　factories here. The government has moved them all away, so the air is fresh and there is no pollution. There are still a　few problems. One of them is there are too few bus lines. But I believe all these problems will be solved soon. The new　town will become a wonderful place to live.

【点评】这篇短文从新城的位置着手,通过对新城五年前后的对比,作者描述了新城的巨大变化以及变化所带来的好处,同时指出尚存在的一些问题,最后表示了对未来的展望,内容完整,符合题目要求。写作时要特别注意时态的正确使用,如:在描述五年变化时用现在完成时,而展望未来又使用一般将来时态,还有一般现在时态的使用。需要注意的重点句型有:in the south of．．．, There used to be．．．等。灵活的句式、地道的语言使得文章增色不少。

【范例二】

你刚从海南岛回来,请用英语写一篇关于海南岛的报道。词数:60 -90 词。不要署名。内容还包括以下

要点：

1. 中国第二大海岛;2. 气候温暖,空气新鲜;3. 有海滩,有高大的椰子树;4. 可以游泳,钓鱼,划船等;5. 可以品尝各种海鲜。参考词汇:island 岛;coconut palm tree 椰子树;seafood 海鲜

Hainan Island is the second largest island. It＇s in the south part of our country. On this island you can enjoy bright　sunshine, fresh air and beautiful scenery. You will never forget that.Hai Kou, the capital of Hainan Province, is the biggest city. You can enjoy the delicious seafood there. You can　also find many beautiful beaches, where people love walking along it, swimming, fishing or boating in the sea. There　are many tall coconut palm trees everywhere.

Welcome to Hainan Island! I＇m sure you will have a good time there.

【点评】短文包含所有要点, 语言准确, 表达清楚, 语意连贯、通顺,句式变化丰富, 有简单句,也有 where引导的定语从句,还有宾语从句。表示位置的句型 It＇s in the south part of．．．和同位语 the capital of Hainan 的运用更是亮点。

假如你是李华,你的**笔友 Daniel 计划今年暑假来江西度假,他向你了解江西城市生活和农村生活的情

况,以便选择度假地点, 请根据下图提供的关键词,给他写一封邮件,先介绍城市生活和农村生活的相同点和

不同点,然后说说你自己更喜欢哪种生活,并说明理由 。词数:100 左右。开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数。城市生活:supermarket, restaurant, apartment, car, bus,cinema, club, park农村生活:vegetable, rice, house, motorbike, bicycle,visiting neighbors

Dear Daniel,

I＇m very happy that you are coming to Jiangxi to spend your summer holiday. There are some similarities and　differences between city life and country life. Both in the city and in the country, people＇s life is getting better and　better. However, there are some differences. In the city, people go to supermarkets to buy what they need. They eat at　home or in restaurants. They live in apartments and travel around by car or bus. After work, they go to cinemas,

clubs　or parks to relax themselves. In the country, people grow vegetables and rice by themselves. They live in houses and　ride motorbikes or bicycles to go around. In their spare time they would like to visit their neighbors or watch TV at　home. As for me, I prefer to live in the city because there are more places to enjoy myself.

I am looking forward to meeting you! Best wishes!

Yours,

Li Hua

【点评】短文从吃、住、行和乐四个方面对城市和农村生活进行了细致的对比,体现了城市和农村的巨大变化,表明人们不再满足于温饱,而更多地关注生活质量。短文内容全面,涵盖全部要点,符合题目要求;叙述具体,重点描述了城乡的不同点,因此,重点突出,详略得当;语言精准,语意连贯,行文流畅。

【范例一】

假如上周日你参加了长江社区的 Yard Sale 活动。请给你们学校校刊上的 English Club 栏目写一篇关于此

次活动的介绍。

要点如下:1. 有 200 多人参加了此次活动;2. 有的人出售旧物如:衣服、玩具、自行车等;3. 有的人出售自制的蛋糕、卡片、书签等;4. 还有的人交换旧书;5. 请写一至两点你对此次活动的看法。注意:1. 词数 60 -80,文章的开头已给出,不计入总词数;2. 文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称。不要逐条翻译。 参考词汇:Changjiang Community, n . 长江社区;exchange, v;交换,used adj. 旧的

It was fine last Sunday. I went to the Yard Sale in Changjiang Community. More than 200 people took park in the　activity . Some people sold used things such as bikes, toys, and clothes. Others sold cakes, cards and bookmarks made　by themselves. Used books could be exchanged in the yard, too. I enjoyed myself there.　In my opinion, it was a very good activity. We can not only make full use of used things, but also protect our　environment in this way.

【点评】作者根据题目要点提示,对 Yard Sale 情况进行了描述最后谈了自己的看法。短文涵盖所有要点,语言通顺,表达清晰,行文流畅,能较好地运用所学短语和句型来表达自己的意思,语法运用得当。

【范例二】

根据中文大意和英文提示词语,写出意思连贯、符合逻辑、不少于 60 词的短文。所给英文提示词语仅供选

用,请不要写出你的校名和姓名。

生活中每个人都有过与他人分享的体验,如分享一本有趣的书、一段难忘的经历、一个闪光的想法……现在,某英文报纸就分享(Sharing)话题征文,请你投稿。描述一次你与他人分享的经历,并谈谈你的感受。提示词语:share．．．with．．．; experience; interest; learn; change; encourage; enjoy; happiness; confident

I had an experience of sharing. When my family moved, I had to go to a new school and study in a new class. The　first test made me so nervous that I failed. I got worried and felt helpless until one of my new classmates came up to me　and asked softly if I was OK. After I told him about my problem, he gave me some advice. From then on, we got to know each other and shared our ideas, problems, and happiness. We became good friends. Sharing with friends helped　me bring back my confidence and fit in with others.

【点评】这是一篇征文稿,描述了一次与他人分享的经历。短文内容完整,叙述清楚,意思连贯,符合逻辑,在描述经历时表达了自己的感受,因此,符合题目要求。连词 when, after, from then on 等的运用,使文章过渡自然，行文流畅。